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Routing and Switching
Data Center
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Interview Tips
Routing and Switching
Data Center
Security
What is a Routing table, explained with Show IP Route Command Cisco
What is a Routing table and show ip route command? We, as network engineers, frequently use the show ip route command to examine and manage the routing table on a router. In this article, we will explain what is a routing table, the types of routes it contains, the ip routing table example, and the show ip route command in detail. I would suggest reading my article on routing first. You can also read about the OSI model and TCP/IP model to get a good grasp of the overall networking concepts. What is a routing table, and why is it…
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Best Computer Networking Course Online for Beginners with Ratings
The 18 Best Beginner-friendly Computer Networking Courses Online – 2022 As the world becomes more digital, computer networking becomes increasingly important. However, finding the best computer networking course online can be difficult if you’re pursuing a career in computer networking. So we’ve compiled the 18 best online computer networking courses and their ratings in June 2022. We’ve got you covered, from free classes for beginners to paid courses for a bit more experienced network engineers. In addition to this information, we’ve also provided details of chapters and features to help you decide which course is best for you. So whether…
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What is Routing in Networking, and How Does Routing Work?
What is Routing in Networking – How Does Routing Work? Routing in networking is used to connect devices and systems worldwide. Routing’s primary job is to take data packets from one network and send them to another network. As network traffic grows, efficient and accurate routing is crucial to ensure data is delivered to the correct destination on time and with minimal or no losses. The recent Facebook outage was one eye-opener of how critical routing is. This article talks about routing in networking and discusses routing devices or routers, routing tables, different types of routing, and routing protocols. What is routing in networking? IP…
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Comparison between TCP IP vs OSI Model (with Cheatsheet PDF)
Similarities and differences between TCP/IP vs OSI Model (with Cheatsheet PDF and Infographic) The TCP IP vs OSI Model debate has been around for years. Which one is better? What are the similarities and differences? Let’s take a look. What is the TCP IP reference model? TCP IP protocol was first developed by DARPA in the 1960s and recognized throughout the world after 1983. The TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) reference model is a conceptual model similar to the OSI model that characterizes the functions of a networking system. It divides these functions into four abstraction layers used…
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What are the 4 layers of the TCP IP model?
What are the 4 layers of the TCP IP model in networking? The TCP IP model is a four-layer communication model that breaks down communication into manageable chunks. This makes it possible to standardize the process of communication without relying on software and hardware providers. As a result, companies can save time and money while still ensuring reliable communication. This post will look into all 4 layers of the TCP IP model in depth. I would suggest you read about the OSI model, OSI model cheat sheet Infographic, IP subnetting, VLANs, and VLAN tagged vs. untagged topics to grasp the basic understanding of networking.…
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OSI Model Cheat Sheet Infographic
OSI Model Cheat Sheet Infographic for Quick Reference In my last post, I wrote about the OSI Model and its 7 layers of networking, so here is an OSI Model Cheat Sheet Infographic to help you remember all the details. This cheat sheet will give you a quick glance at the functions of each OSI layer, along with the data unit, protocols, and device types used on each layer. Understanding these core concepts of the OSI model will help you choose the best technology for your desired outcome. You can further read about the TCP/IP model, IP subnetting, VLANs, and VLAN tagged…
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OSI Model and its 7 Layers of Networking
OSI Model Explained: 7 Layers of Networking Have you ever wondered how data travels across the globe in the blink of an eye? The answer lies in 7 layers of the OSI model, which governs how data is transmitted between devices. These layers represent 7 layers of networking used to describe the different tasks at each layer. The OSI model is also helpful in identifying and troubleshooting networking problems. In this blog post, we will discuss the OSI model in depth. Let us get started. What is OSI full form, and what OSI means? OSI stands for Open System Interconnection and is a…
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Difference between Spanning Tree versions: MSTP vs RSTP vs STP vs PVSTP
What is the Difference between spanning tree versions: MSTP vs RSTP vs STP vs PVST When it comes to configuring Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) on network devices, there are several options to choose from. The four most common are: Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP), Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), STP, and Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Protocol (PVSTP). But what’s the difference between them? Let’s break it down further with this comparison sheet between MSTP vs RSTP vs STP vs PVSTP. Hope you have gone through my previous articles on STP, RSTP, and MSTP, if not then I would recommend reading through…
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What is MSTP – Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol
What is MSTP(Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol)? Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) is an IEEE standard that allows a single physical network switch to support multiple spanning-tree instances. The MSTP standard is useful for companies with lots of VLANs in the network and wants separate spanning-tree instances for groups of VLANs. This blog post will discuss What is MSTP or Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol, its core components, its real benefits and drawbacks, configuration, and best practices. I would highly recommend you to read about Spanning Tree Protocol, Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol, VLANs, VLAN tagged vs untagged, and VLAN Trunking Protocol topics to grasp the basic…
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Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol – What Is RSTP In Networking?
Explain Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol – What Is RSTP In Networking? Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) is the successor and enhanced version of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). The purpose of RSTP is to provide significantly faster convergence while still backward compatible with spanning tree protocol (802.1d). In this article, we will discuss what is RSTP in networking, what problems it solves, its core components, and the real benefits of using this protocol in your network. I would highly recommend you to read about Spanning Tree Protocol, VLANs, VLAN tagged vs untagged, and VLAN Trunking Protocol topics to grasp the basic understanding of Spanning…
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STP – Spanning Tree Protocol explained in detail
STP – Spanning Tree Protocol Explained in-depth A Spanning Tree Protocol or STP is a layer2 protocol used to prevent loops in a network by ensuring that a single path exists between any two nodes in the network. In this blog post, I will explain the Spanning Tree protocol, what problems it solves, it’s core components, how it works, and how to configure it, along with best practices. One more thing before we begin, I will use Spanning Tree Protocol, Spanning Tree, Spanning Tree, or STP interchangeably in this post; all have the same intent. Also, bridge and switch meanings…
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What is an EtherChannel in Networking – The Beginner’s Guide
The Beginners Guide to What is an EtherChannel Technology EtherChannels are a great way to increase bandwidth, redundancy, and load balancing capability in the network. This article will discuss What is an EtherChannel, why we need it, how it works, different types and modes of EtherChannel, a sample configuration, best practices, and how to troubleshoot it. Let’s get started. What is an EtherChannel? EtherChannel is a Cisco technology that bundles two or more physical Ethernet links into a single logical link without being blocked by STP. As a result, it provides higher overall bandwidth, fault tolerance, redundancy, and load balancing.…
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VLAN Trunking Protocol: What is VTP in Networking
What is VTP in networking: VLAN Trunking Protocol If you are a network administrator, then you should know that managing VLANs can be time-consuming and prone to mistakes in large networks with numerous interconnected switches. The VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) lets you manage your VLANs from a central device, with the resulting configuration distributed automatically to other devices. You can save time and avoid errors by using the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP). In this blog post, we will discuss What is VTP in networking, what problems it solves, it’s core components and the real benefits of using this protocol in…
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What is Auto Negotiation in Ethernet – with Infographic
What is Auto Negotiation in Ethernet (Infographic) and how does it work? I’ve seen network issues crop up regularly in a network engineer’s day-to-day work, and when they do, it’s mostly the result of misconfigured or mismanaged devices. I can tell you that, in my experience, auto-negotiation issues are among the most common problems I have seen in a network, and that’s a good thing because they can be easy to find (if you understand how it works and knows where to look) and can be quickly remediated. In this blog post, we will discuss what is auto negotiation in…
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A Simple Guide to Ethernet Switch vs Hub vs Router and How They Work
Comparison between Different Network Devices – Ethernet Switch vs Hub vs Router This blog post will help you understand the comparison between Ethernet switch vs hub vs router and how they work. You’ll also learn which device is best for your home or office. Whether it’s an ethernet hub, repeater, splitter, ethernet switch, or router, all of this equipment is utilized to extend the network‘s reach. Devices may have similar functions, yet they all have unique applications. So let’s get started straight with the ethernet hub vs switch vs router comparison table. I would also recommend you to read about…
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What is the Definition of a Computer Network: Components, Uses, and Types
What is the definition of a computer network? Computer networks are the foundation of the modern business world. They’re the connections that carry network traffic and link together the hardware and software of every digital device. Without a well-designed and functioning network, businesses and individuals wouldn’t be able to collaborate, share, or make their daily lives more efficient. This article will help you understand the definition of a computer network, its advantages, components, types, and uses. I would also recommend you to further read about VLANs, VLAN tagged vs untagged, and VLAN Trunking Protocol topics to grasp the basic understanding of…
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VLAN Tagged vs Untagged – What is the difference?
VLAN Tagged vs Untagged Tutorial After reading an in-depth article about VLANs, you might still have questions about the differences between VLAN tagged vs. untagged? This blog post will discuss this topic in easy to understand language. Let’s briefly discuss the VLAN and VLAN tag and then dive into the difference between Vlan tagged vs. Untagged. VLANs:- Virtual LANs, or Virtual Local Area Networks, works on the Data link layer of the OSI model. VLANs help create virtual separations within a switch that provide distinct logical LANs or segregated broadcast domains that each behaves as if they were configured on…
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What are VLANs and Private VLANs and How VLANs work
What are VLANs and How VLANs work You might have many questions about VLANs. For example, what are VLANs, their benefits, configuration, and how do they work and differ from a LAN? Don’t worry, this blog post will discuss everything related to VLANs in simple, easy-to-understand language. What are VLANs – Infographic A Brief History of How we evolved from Hub to a Switch and then to VLANs People commonly used network hubs in the early days of networking to connect devices to a local area network (LAN). Because these devices were not intelligent, they sent every packet they received…
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IP Subnetting Cheat Sheet (free PDF) for Network Engineers
IP Subnetting Cheat Sheet, including CIDR Cheat Sheet With this IP subnetting cheat sheet, including the CIDR Cheat Sheet article, we’ll provide you with all the details and show you how to subnet IP addresses, essential for network-related interviews, jobs, and exams. Understanding how subnetting works may seem difficult initially, but it begins to make sense as you continue. You can quickly create and deploy IP subnets that will give your organization the necessary level of design ease, scalability, management, and security you need. IP Subnetting Cheat Sheet Infographic PDF I hope you have downloaded the PDF, now let’s first understand…
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IKEv1 vs IKEv2 – What is the Difference?
Showdown: IKEv1 vs IKEv2 Internet Key Exchange (IKE) is a protocol used to set up a secured communication channel between two networks. To establish a secured channel, the two communicating parties need to create a Security Association (SA) between each other through the use of Internet Protocol Security (IPsec). This blog post will compare head to head between IKEv1 vs IKEv2 and provide some key insights. IKEv1 was one of the first standards for internet key exchange, a standard that had remained mostly unchanged for almost 12 years, the year 1995 when IETF first introduced IKE or IKEv1 through RFC…
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150+ Interview Questions of Network Engineer with Answers(Free PDF)
Important Tips and Interview Questions of Network Engineer with Answers Network engineers are the unsung heroes of the tech industry with an excellent take-home salaries. They are the ones who keep everything humming along by designing, installing, and maintaining the complex networks that keep us connected. While this makes you feel like an important person, however becoming a network engineer is not easy. You have to go through many rounds of interviews. You also have to be well prepared and know all the basic and advanced level interview questions of network engineer. It is a tedious process, especially when you don’t…
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What is Cisco vPC: Benefits, Components, Config & Best Practices
What is Cisco vPC and its brief History What is Cisco vPC (virtual Port Channel), and how has normal port-channel evolved to this point? Let us understand port-channel first; it is the simplest and oldest technology that combines two or more interfaces. In return, it gives the benefits like load balancing across links, redundancy in case any link goes down, increased bandwidth since you combined two or more links, and a single spanning-tree view of the links. However, these benefits come at the cost of connecting all the links within a bundle to a single device. And if that single device…
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Practical Tips for Video Interview: A step by step Guide
Practicle Tips for Video Interview 2021- before, during, and After the interview:- If you are looking for Tips for Video Interview, then you came to the right place. Now, allow us to begin; most people who want a job undergo a rigorous interview process. But what if you could skip all that and get an instant decision? That’s what many employers now do, especially after the inception of the coronavirus. Working from home became a new normal for everyone throughout the world. Recruiters post jobs on sites like “Indeed,” Linkedin, etc., and immediately start taking the digital interview and streaming…
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HSRP vs VRRP vs GLBP – A Quick Guide
Which one to use while deciding between HSRP vs VRRP vs GLBP? This is really a matter of the type of equipment at your disposal, network design complexity, or sometimes personal preference. I have already written articles explaining HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP separately. All three are First Hop Redundancy Protocols and network layer protocols and are used to provide redundancy in the network. The main difference is that VRRP is industry-standard while HSRP and GLBP are Cisco-proprietary protocols. VRRP and HSRP target a single layer3 ethernet switch or a router to be the active one in a group, whereas GLBP…
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How to configure VRRP on Cisco Devices – With Video and Quiz
What is VRRP, Why we use it, and How to configure it on Cisco devices? Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) is an open standard FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) defined in RFC-5798. VRRP on Cisco devices can be configured to provide fault tolerance and redundancy at the network layer by quickly detecting and responding to router failures. It is designed to create redundancy in the network, especially when a router/switch or a layer 3 node serving as the default gateway for LAN users fails. Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol operates on the principle of a group of routers, or hosts, participating…
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HSRP Config – The Definitive Guide with Video, Diagrams, Configs, and Quiz
What is HSRP, Why do we use it, and How to do HSRP config on Cisco Router? HSRP is an FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) developed by Cisco to provide redundancy and high network availability almost anywhere in the network where we have two layer3 devices. HSRP config gives a group of routers a virtual IP address and a virtual MAC address to look like one router. If one router doesn’t work, the other router can be the default gateway. The virtual router does not exist; it is merely a target for routers to provide backup to one another. One router…
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Router on the Stick Configuration – Enterprise and Service Provider Example
The router on the stick configuration is a powerful and easy way to design your network. This method makes it very easy to add additional equipment to your network without the need to run a direct cable from your user device to the layer3 capable device. It is a networking terminology used to represent a layer3 device and a layer 2 switch where a single physical cable directly connects them. Here switch is a Layer 2 switch with multiple VLANs, and the router has all layer 3 IPs, and it handles all inter-VLAN communication. The port on the switch side…
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